ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceuticals Using TiO2 Based Nanocomposite Catalyst-Review
1
School of Civil Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
Online publication date: 2019-12-21
Publication date: 2019-09-01
Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 2019;29(3):1-33
KEYWORDS
nanocomposite catalystphotocatalysisTiO2pharmaceutical compoundsphotocatalytic processtitanium dioxide
ABSTRACT
The occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) such as pharmaceutical compounds (PhACs) is becoming a major global issue due to the persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of these pollutants. Human and animal consumption was recognized as the major sources for pharmaceutical pollution. Existent conventional treatment processes have shown low degradation efficiencies towards PhACs. In this regard, TiO2 based nanocomposite photocatalysis process has presented effective degradation towards PhACs. Operational parameters such as dopant content, catalyst loading, and initial pH were the major factors in the photocatalysis system. In this review, we discuss the recent studies that have employed TiO2 based nanocomposite for the degradation of PhACs. Future research recommendations have also been elaborated.
REFERENCES (133)
1.
Abdel-Wahab, AM, Al-Shirbini, AS, Mohamed, O and Nasr, O 2017. Photocatalytic degradation of paracetamol over magnetic flower-like TiO 2/Fe 2O 3 core-shell nanostructures. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 347, 186-198.
2.
Abellán, M, Bayarri, B, Giménez, J and Costa, JJACBE 2007. Photocatalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole in aqueous suspension of TiO 2. 74, 233-241.
3.
Acero, JL, Benitez, FJ, Teva, F and Leal, AI 2010. Retention of emerging micropollutants from UP water and a municipal secondary effluent by ultrafiltration and nanofiltration. Chemical Engineering Journal, 163, 264-272.
4.
Aguilar, C, Montalvo, C, Ceron, J and Moctezuma, E 2011. Photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen. International Journal of Environmental Research, 5, 1071-1078.
5.
Ahmed, MB, Zhou, JL, Ngo, HH, Guo, W, Thomaidis, NS and Xu, J 2017. Progress in the biological and chemical treatment technologies for emerging contaminant removal from wastewater: a critical review. Journal of hazardous materials, 323, 274-298.
6.
Ajayan, PM, Schadler, LS and Braun, PV 2006. Nanocomposite science and technology, John Wiley & Sons.
7.
Akpan, UG and Hameed, BH 2009. Parameters affecting the photocatalytic degradation of dyes using TiO 2-based photocatalysts: a review. Journal of hazardous materials, 170, 520-529.
8.
Appavoo, IA, Hu, J, Huang, Y, Li, SFY and Ong, SLJW 2014. Response surface modeling of Carbamazepine (CBZ) removal by Graphene-P25 nanocomposites/UVA process using central composite design. 57, 270-279.
9.
Ashton, D, Hilton, M and Thomas, KJS o. t. t. e. 2004. Investigating the environmental transport of human pharmaceuticals to streams in the United Kingdom. 333, 167-184.
10.
Aziz, KHH, Miessner, H, Mueller, S, Kalass, D, Moeller, D, Khorshid, I and Rashid, MAM 2017. Degradation of pharmaceutical diclofenac and ibuprofen in aqueous solution, a direct comparison of ozonation, photocatalysis, and non-thermal plasma. Chemical Engineering Journal, 313, 1033-1041.
11.
Aziz, NAA, Palaniandy, P, Aziz, HA and Dahlan, IJJ o. CR 2016. Review of the mechanism and operational factors influencing the degradation process of contaminants in heterogenous photocatalysis. 40, 704-712.
12.
Bagheri, H., Afkhami, A, Noroozi, AJA and Research, BC 2016. Removal of pharmaceutical compounds from hospital wastewaters using nanomaterials: a review. 3, 1-18.
13.
Barbosa, MO, Moreira, NF, Ribeiro, AR, Pereira, MF and Silva, AMJW 2016. Occurrence and removal of organic micropollutants: an overview of the watch list of EU Decision 2015/495. 94, 257-279.
14.
Bean, TG, Rattner, BA, Lazarus, RS, Day, DD, Burket, SR, Brooks, BW, Haddad, SP and Bowerman, WWJEP 2018. Pharmaceuticals in water, fish and osprey nestlings in Delaware River and Bay. 232, 533-545.
15.
Bellardita, M, Di Paola, A, Megna, B and Palmisano, L 2018. Determination of the crystallinity of TiO 2 photocatalysts. Journal of Photochemistry Photobiology A: Chemistry, 367, 312-320.
16.
Bianchi, CL, Sacchi, B, Pirola, C, Demartin, F. Cerrato, G, Morandi, S and Capucci, V 2017. Aspirin and paracetamol removal using a commercial micro-sized TiO 2 catalyst in deionized and tap water. Environmental Science Pollution Research, 24, 12646-12654.
18.
Boxall, AB 2018. Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and Human Health. Health Care and Environmental Contamination. Elsevier.
19.
Bundschuh, M, Hahn, T, Ehrlich, B, Höltge, S, Kreuzig, R, Schulz, RJB o. e. c. and toxicology 2016. Acute toxicity and environmental risks of five veterinary pharmaceuticals for aquatic macroinvertebrates. 96, 139-143.
20.
Burns, EE, Carter, LJ, Kolpin, DW, Thomas-Oates, J and Boxall, AB 2018. Temporal and spatial variation in pharmaceutical concentrations in an urban river system. Water research, 137, 72-85.
21.
Caban, M, Lis, E, Kumirska, J and Stepnowski, PJS o. t. TE 2015. Determination of pharmaceutical residues in drinking water in Poland using a new SPE-GC-MS (SIM) method based on Speedisk extraction disks and DIMETRIS derivatization. 538, 402-411.
22.
Çağlar Yılmaz, H, Akgeyik, E, Bougarrani, S, El Azzouzi, M, Erdemoğlu, SJJ o. DS & Technology 2019. Photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin using Co-doped TiO 2 synthesized by reflux method and monitoring of degradation products by LC–MS/MS. 1-12.
23.
Cajthaml, T, Křesinová, Z, Svobodová, K and Möder, MJC 2009. Biodegradation of endocrine-disrupting compounds and suppression of estrogenic activity by ligninolytic fungi. 75, 745-750.
24.
Carmona, E, Andreu, V and Picó, YJS o. t. t. e. 2014. Occurrence of acidic pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Turia River Basin: from waste to drinking water. 484, 53-63.
25.
Carp, O, Huisman, CL and Reller, A 2004. Photoinduced reactivity of titanium dioxide. Progress in solid state chemistry, 32, 33-177.
26.
Celle-Jeanton, H, Schemberg, D, Mohammed, N, Huneau, F, Bertrand, G, Lavastre, V and Le Coustumer, PJE i. 2014. Evaluation of pharmaceuticals in surface water: Reliability of PECs compared to MECs. 73, 10-21.
27.
Choi, J, Lee, H., Choi, Y, Kim, S, Lee, S, Lee, S, Choi, W end Lee, J 2014. Heterogeneous photocatalytic treatment of pharmaceutical micropollutants: Effects of wastewater effluent matrix and catalyst modifications. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 147, 8-16.
28.
Choi, K, Kim, Y, Park, J, Park, CK, Kim, M, Kim, HS. and Kim, PJS o. t. t. E 2008. Seasonal variations of several pharmaceutical residues in surface water and sewage treatment plants of Han River, Korea. 405, 120-128.
29.
Choina, J, Kosslick, H, Fischer, C, Flechsig, GU, Frunza, L and Schulz, A 2013. Photocatalytic decomposition of pharmaceutical ibuprofen pollutions in water over titania catalyst. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 129, 589-598.
30.
Chun-Te Lin, J de Luna, MDG, Aranzamendez, GL and Lu, MC 2016. Degradations of acetaminophen via a K 2S 2O 8-doped TiO 2 photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. Chemosphere, 155, 388-394.
31.
Dalida, MLP, Amer, KMS, Su, CC and Lu, MC 2014. Photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen in modified TiO 2 under visible irradiation. Environmental Science Pollution Research, 21, 1208-1216.
32.
Dalrymple, OK, Yeh, DH and Trotz, MA 2007. Removing pharmaceuticals and endocrine-disrupting compounds from wastewater by photocatalysis. Journal of Chemical Technology Biotechnology: International Research in Process, Environmental Clean Technology, 82, 121-134.
33.
Davididou, K, Monteagudo, JM, Chatzisymeon, E, Durán, A and Expósito, AJ 2017. Degradation and mineralization of antipyrine by UV-A LED photo-Fenton reaction intensified by ferrioxalate with addition of persulfate. Separation Purification Technology, 172, 227-235.
34.
Directive, EJE 2008. 105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy, amending and subsequently repealing Council Directives 82/176. 83, 84-97.
35.
Directive, EJLOJ o. t. EU 2013. 39/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 August 2013 amending Directives 2000/60/EC and 2008/105/EC as regards priority substances in the field of water policy. 24.
36.
Directive, WFJO j. o. t. E c. 2000. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. 22, 2000.
37.
Djouadi, L, Khalaf, H, Boukhatem, H, Boutoumi, H, Kezzime, A, Santaballa, JA and Canle, MJACS 2018. Degradation of aqueous ketoprofen by heterogeneous photocatalysis using Bi 2S 3/TiO 2–Montmorillonite nanocomposites under simulated solar irradiation. 166, 27-37.
38.
Ebele, AJ, Abdallah, MAE and Harrad, S 2017. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the freshwater aquatic environment. Emerging Contaminants, 3, 1-16.
39.
Farré, M, Sanchís, J and Barceló, DJTT i. AC 2011. Analysis and assessment of the occurrence, the fate and the behavior of nanomaterials in the environment. 30, 517-527.
40.
Ferrer, I and Thurman, EMJJ o. CA 2012. Analysis of 100 pharmaceuticals and their degradates in water samples by liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. 1259, 148-157.
41.
Friedmann, D, Mendive, C and Bahnemann, D 2010. TiO 2 for water treatment: parameters affecting the kinetics and mechanisms of photocatalysis. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 99, 398-406.
42.
Fujishima, A and Honda, K 1972. Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature, 238, 37.
43.
Garcia-Rodríguez, A, Matamoros, V, Fontàs, C, Salvadó, VJES and Research, P 2014. The ability of biologically based wastewater treatment systems to remove emerging organic contaminants—a review. 21, 11708-11728.
44.
Geissen, V, Mol, H, Klumpp, E, Umlauf, G. Nadal, M. van der Ploeg, M, van de Zee, SE, Ritsema, CJJIS and Research, WC 2015. Emerging pollutants in the environment: a challenge for water resource management. 3, 57-65.
45.
Gmurek, M, Olak-Kucharczyk, M and Ledakowicz, S 2017. Photochemical decomposition of endocrine disrupting compounds–A review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 310, 437-456.
46.
Gupta, SM and Tripathi, M 2011. A review of TiO 2 nanoparticles. Chinese Science Bulletin, 56, 1639.
47.
Halling-Sørensen, B, Lützhøft, HCH, Andersen, HR and Ingerslev, FJJ o. a. c. 2000. Environmental risk assessment of antibiotics: comparison of mecillinam, trimethoprim and ciprofloxacin. 46, 53-58.
48.
He, Y, Sutton, NB, Rijnaarts, HH and Langenhoff, AA 2016. Degradation of pharmaceuticals in wastewater using immobilized TiO 2 photocatalysis under simulated solar irradiation. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 182, 132-141.
49.
Helbling, DE, Hollender, J, Kohler, H.PE, Singer, H, Fenner, KJE s. and technology 2010. High-throughput identification of microbial transformation products of organic micropollutants. 44, 6621-6627.
50.
Helwig, K, Hunter, C, McNaughtan, M, Roberts, J, Pahl, OJE t.and chemistry 2016. Ranking prescribed pharmaceuticals in terms of environmental risk: inclusion of hospital data and the importance of regular review. 35, 1043-1050.
51.
Hoffmann, MR, Martin, ST, Choi, W and Bahnemann, DW 1995. Environmental applications of semiconductor photocatalysis. Chemical reviews, 95, 69-96.
52.
Hossain, A, Nakamichi, S, Habibullah-Al-Mamun, M, Tani, K, Masunaga, S and Matsuda, H. 2018. Occurrence and ecological risk of pharmaceuticals in river surface water of Bangladesh. Environmental research, 165, 258-266.
53.
Hu, R, Zhang, L and Hu, J 2016. Study on the kinetics and transformation products of salicylic acid in water via ozonation. Chemosphere, 153, 394-404.
54.
Hughes, SR, Kay, P, Brown, LEJE s. and technology 2012. Global synthesis and critical evaluation of pharmaceutical data sets collected from river systems. 47, 661-677.
55.
Kanakaraju, D, Glass, BD and Oelgemöller, M 2014a. Titanium dioxide photocatalysis for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 12, 27-47.
56.
Kanakaraju, D, Glass, BD and Oelgemöller, M 2018. Advanced oxidation process-mediated removal of pharmaceuticals from water: A review. Journal of environmental management, 219, 189-207.
57.
Kanakaraju, D, Glass, BD and Oelgemöller, MJE c. l. 2014b. Titanium dioxide photocatalysis for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment. 12, 27-47.
58.
Kasprzyk-Hordern, B, Dinsdale, RM and Guwy, AJ 2009. The removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs during wastewater treatment and its impact on the quality of receiving waters. Water research, 43, 363-380.
59.
Khaki, MRD, Shafeeyan, MS, Raman, AAA and Daud, WMAW 2017. Application of doped photocatalysts for organic pollutant degradation-A review. Journal of environmental management, 198, 78-94.
60.
Khataee, A, Fathinia, M, Joo, SJSAPAM and Spectroscopy, B 2013. Simultaneous monitoring of photocatalysis of three pharmaceuticals by immobilized TiO 2 nanoparticles: chemometric assessment, intermediates identification and ecotoxicological evaluation. 112, 33-45.
61.
Khodadadi, M, Ehrampoush, M, Ghaneian, M, Allahresani, A and Mahvi, AJJ o. ML 2018. Synthesis and characterizations of FeNi 3@ SiO 2@ TiO 2 nanocomposite and its application in photo-catalytic degradation of tetracycline in simulated wastewater. 255, 224-232.
62.
Kıdak, R and Doğan, Ş 2018. Medium-high frequency ultrasound and ozone based advanced oxidation for amoxicillin removal in water. Ultrasonics sonochemistry, 40, 131-139.
63.
Kidd, KA, Blanchfield, PJ, Mills, KH, Palace, VP, Evans, RE, Lazorchak, JMand and Flick, RWJP o. t. NA o. S 2007. Collapse of a fish population after exposure to a synthetic estrogen. 104, 8897-8901.
64.
Koltsakidou, Α, Antonopoulou, M, Sykiotou, M, Εvgenidou, Ε, Konstantinou, I and Lambropoulou, D 2017. Photo-Fenton and Fenton-like processes for the treatment of the antineoplastic drug 5-fluorouracil under simulated solar radiation. Environmental Science Pollution Research, 24, 4791-4800.
65.
Komori, K, Suzuki, Y, Minamiyama, M, Harada, AJE m. and assessment 2013. Occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals in river water in Japan and assessment of their environmental risk. 185, 4529-4536.
66.
Kumar, A and Pandey, G 2017. A review on the factors affecting the photocatalytic degradation of hazardous materials. Material Sci & Eng Int J 1, 3, 106-114.
67.
Kumar, A, Pandey, GJMS and JEI 2017. A review on the factors affecting the photocatalytic degradation of hazardous materials. 1, 106-114.
68.
Lee, C, Nurul, A, Puganeshwary, P and Amr, S 2017a. Performance of natural sunlight on paracetamol removal from synthetic pharmaceutical wastewater using heterogeneous TiO 2 photocatalyst. Desalination Water Treatment, 78, 341-349.
69.
Lee, CM, Palaniandy, P and Dahlan, I 2017b. Pharmaceutical residues in aquatic environment and water remediation by TiO 2 heterogeneous photocatalysis: a review. Environmental Earth Sciences, 76, 611.
70.
Li, R, Jia, Y, Bu, N, Wu, J and Zhen, Q 2015. Photocatalytic degradation of methyl blue using Fe 2O 3/TiO 2 composite ceramics. Journal of Alloys Compounds, 643, 88-93.
71.
Lianou, A, Frontistis, Z, Chatzisymeon, E, Antonopoulou, M, Konstantinou, I and Mantzavinos, D 2018. Sonochemical oxidation of piroxicam drug: Effect of key operating parameters and degradation pathways. Journal of Chemical Technology Biotechnology, 93, 28-34.
72.
Lindim, C, Van Gils, J, Georgieva, D, Mekenyan, O and Cousins, ITJS o. t. TE 2016. Evaluation of human pharmaceutical emissions and concentrations in Swedish river basins. 572, 508-519.
73.
Luo, Y., Guo, W., Ngo, H. H., Nghiem, L. D., Hai, F. I., Zhang, J., Liang, S. & Wang, X. C. 2014. A review on the occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment and their fate and removal during wastewater treatment. Science of the total environment, 473, 619-641.
74.
Matongo, S, Birungi, G, Moodley, B and Ndungu, P 2015. Pharmaceutical residues in water and sediment of Msunduzi River, kwazulu-natal, South Africa. Chemosphere, 134, 133-140.
75.
Mboula, VM, Héquet, V, Andres, Y, Pastrana-Martínez, L M, Doña-Rodríguez, JM, Silva, AM. and Falaras, P 2013. Photocatalytic degradation of endocrine disruptor compounds under simulated solar light. Water research, 47, 3997-4005.
76.
Mboula, VM, Hequet, V, Gru, Y, Colin, R and Andres, Y 2012. Assessment of the efficiency of photocatalysis on tetracycline biodegradation. Journal of hazardous materials, 209, 355-364.
77.
Méndez-Arriaga, F, Gimenez, J and Esplugas, S 2008. Photolysis and TiO 2 photocatalytic treatment of naproxen: degradation, mineralization, intermediates and toxicity. Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies, 11, 435-444.
78.
Miklos, DB, Remy, C, Jekel, M, Linden, KG, Drewes, JE and Hübner, U 2018. Evaluation of advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment–A critical review. Water research.
79.
Mills, A and Le Hunte, S 1997. An overview of semiconductor photocatalysis. Journal of photochemistry photobiology A: Chemistry, 108, 1-35.
80.
Mirzaei, A, Chen, Z, Haghighat, F, Yerushalmi, LJS c. and society 2016. Removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds from water by zinc oxide-based photocatalytic degradation: a review. 27, 407-418.
82.
Mugunthan, E, Saidutta, M and Jagadeeshbabu, PJE t. 2019. Photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac using TiO 2–SnO2 mixed oxide catalysts. 40, 929-941.
83.
Murakami, N, Ono, A, Nakamura, M, Tsubota, T and Ohno, TJACBE 2010. Development of a visible-light-responsive rutile rod by site-selective modification of iron (III) ion on {1 1 1} exposed crystal faces. 97, 115-119.
84.
Namshah, KS and Mohamed, RMJAN 2018. WO 3–TiO 2 nanocomposites for paracetamol degradation under visible light. 8, 2021-2030.
85.
Nasr, O, Mohamed, O, Al-Shirbini, AS and Abdel-Wahab, AM 2019. Photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen over Ag, Au and Pt loaded TiO 2 using solar light. Journal of Photochemistry Photobiology A: Chemistry, 374, 185-193.
86.
Ni, M, Leung, MK, Leung, DY and Sumathy, K 2007. A review and recent developments in photocatalytic water-splitting using TiO 2 for hydrogen production. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11, 401-425.
87.
Öchsner, A, Ahmed, W and Ali, N 2009. Nanocomposite coatings and nanocomposite materials.
88.
Ollis, DF and Al-Ekabi, H 1993. Photocatalytic purification and treatment of water and air: proceedings of the 1st International Conference on TiO2 Photocatalytic Purification and Treatment of Water and Air, London, Ontario, Canada, 8-13 November, 1992, Elsevier Science Ltd.
89.
Oseghe, EO, Ofomaja, AEJJ. o. P and Chemistry, PA 2018. Study on light emission diode/carbon modified TiO 2 system for tetracycline hydrochloride degradation. 360, 242-248.
90.
Oulton, RL, Kohn, T and Cwiertny, DMJJ o. EM 2010. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in effluent matrices: a survey of transformation and removal during wastewater treatment and implications for wastewater management. 12, 1956-1978.
91.
Pawar, R and Lee, CS 2015. Heterogeneous Nanocomposite-Photocatalysis for Water Purification, William Andrew.
92.
Payan, A, Isari, AA and Gholizade, NJCEJ 2019. Catalytic decomposition of sulfamethazine antibiotic and pharmaceutical wastewater using Cu-TiO 2@ functionalized SWCNT ternary porous nanocomposite: Influential factors, mechanism, and pathway studies. 361, 1121-1141.
93.
Pelaez, M, Nolan, NT, Pillai, SC, Seery, MK, Falaras, P, Kontos, AG, Dunlop, PS, Hamilton, JW, Byrne, JA. and O'shea, K 2012. A review on the visible light active titanium dioxide photocatalysts for environmental applications. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 125, 331-349.
94.
Pereira, AM, Silva, LJ, Laranjeiro, CS, Meisel, LM, Lino, CM and Pena, A 2017. Human pharmaceuticals in Portuguese rivers: The impact of water scarcity in the environmental risk. Science of the Total Environment, 609, 1182-1191.
95.
Praveena, SM, Shaifuddin, SNM, Sukiman, S, Nasir, FAM, Hanafi, Z, Kamarudin, N, Ismail, THT. and Aris, AZ 2018. Pharmaceuticals residues in selected tropical surface water bodies from Selangor (Malaysia): Occurrence and potential risk assessments. Science of the total environment, 642, 230-240.
96.
Prieto-Rodriguez, L, Miralles-Cuevas, S, Oller, I, Agüera, A, Puma, G. and Malato, SJJ o. h. m. 2012. Treatment of emerging contaminants in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) effluents by solar photocatalysis using low TiO 2 concentrations. 211, 131-137.
97.
Qu, X, Alvarez, PJ and Li, Q 2013. Applications of nanotechnology in water and wastewater treatment. Water research, 47, 3931-3946.
98.
Quesada, HB, Baptista, ATA, Cusioli, LF, Seibert, D, de Oliveira Bezerra, C. and Bergamasco, R 2019. Surface water pollution by pharmaceuticals and an alternative of Removal by low-cost adsorbents: a review. Chemosphere.
99.
Redeker, M, Wick, A, Meermann, B r. Ternes, TAJES and Technology 2014. Removal of the iodinated X-ray contrast medium diatrizoate by anaerobic transformation. 48, 10145-10154.
100.
Ribeiro, AR, Nunes, OC, Pereira, MF and Silva, AMJE i. 2015. An overview on the advanced oxidation processes applied for the treatment of water pollutants defined in the recently launched Directive 2013/39/EU. 75, 33-51.
101.
Rimoldi, L, Meroni, D, Falletta, E, Ferretti, AM, Gervasini, A, Cappelletti, G and Ardizzone, S 2017. The role played by different TiO 2 features on the photocatalytic degradation of paracetamol. Applied Surface Science, 424, 198-205.
102.
Rivera-Jaimes, JA, Postigo, C, Melgoza-Alemán, RM, Aceña, J, Barceló, D and de Alda, ML 2018. Study of pharmaceuticals in surface and wastewater from Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico: occurrence and environmental risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 613, 1263-1274.
103.
Robinson, AA, Belden, JB, Lydy, MJJET and Journal, CAI 2005. Toxicity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics to aquatic organisms. 24, 423-430.
104.
Robinson, T, McMullan, G, Marchant, R and Nigam, P 2001. Remediation of dyes in textile effluent: a critical review on current treatment technologies with a proposed alternative. Bioresource technology, 77, 247-255.
105.
Rodriguez-Narvaez, O. M., Peralta-Hernandez, J. M., Goonetilleke, A. & Bandala, E. R. 2017. Treatment technologies for emerging contaminants in water: A review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 323, 361-380.
106.
Rosman, N, Salleh, W, Mohamed, MA, Jaafar, J, Ismail, A and Harun, Z 2018. Hybrid membrane filtration-advanced oxidation processes for removal of pharmaceutical residue. Journal of colloid interface science, 532, 236-260.
107.
Sambaza, S, Maity, A & Pillay, KJJ o. ECE 2019. Enhanced degradation of BPA in water by PANI supported Ag/TiO 2 nanocomposite under UV and visible light. 7, 102880.
108.
Schilling, A, Corey, R, Leonard, M and Eghtesad, BJCC j. o. m. 2010. Acetaminophen: old drug, new warnings. 77, 19-27.
109.
Schneider, J, Matsuoka, M, Takeuchi, M, Zhang, J, Horiuchi, Y, Anpo, M and Bahnemann, DWJC r. 2014. Understanding TiO 2 photocatalysis: mechanisms and materials. 114, 9919-9986.
110.
Scott, PD, Bartkow, M, Blockwell, SJ, Coleman, HM, Khan, SJ, Lim, R, McDonald, JA, Nice, H, Nugegoda, D and Pettigrove, VJJ o. e. q. 2014. A national survey of trace organic contaminants in Australian rivers. 43, 1702-1712.
111.
Simons, P and Dachille, F 1967. The structure of TiO 2II, a high-pressure phase of TiO 2. Acta Crystallographica, 23, 334-336.
112.
Singh, P, Shandilya, P, Raizada, P, Sudhaik, A, Rahmani-Sani, A and Hosseini-Bandegharaei, A 2018. Review on various strategies for enhancing photocatalytic activity of graphene based nanocomposites for water purification. Arabian Journal of Chemistry.
113.
Sreekanth, D, Sivaramakrishna, D, Himabindu, V a Anjaneyulu, YJB t. 2009. Thermophilic treatment of bulk drug pharmaceutical industrial wastewaters by using hybrid up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor. 100, 2534-2539.
114.
Svenson, A, Allard, AS and Ek, M 2003. Removal of estrogenicity in Swedish municipal sewage treatment plants. Water Research, 37, 4433-4443.
115.
Thi, VHT and Lee, BK 2017. Effective photocatalytic degradation of paracetamol using La-doped ZnO photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. Materials Research Bulletin, 96, 171-182.
116.
Tran, NH, Reinhard, M and Gin, KYHJW r. 2018. Occurrence and fate of emerging contaminants in municipal wastewater treatment plants from different geographical regions-a review. 133, 182-207.
117.
Tran, NH, Urase, T, Ngo, HH, Hu, J and Ong, SLJB t. 2013. Insight into metabolic and cometabolic activities of autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms in the biodegradation of emerging trace organic contaminants. 146, 721-731.
118.
Tryba, B, Toyoda, M, Morawski, AW, Nonaka, R and Inagaki, M 2007. Photocatalytic activity and OH radical formation on TiO 2 in the relation to crystallinity. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 71, 163-168.
119.
Vasiliu, F, Diamandescu, L, Macovei, D, Teodorescu, C, Tarabasanu-Mihaila, D, Vlaicu, A and Parvulescu, V 2009. Fe-and Eu-doped TiO 2 photocatalytical materials prepared by high energy ball milling. Topics in Catalysis, 52, 544-556.
120.
Verlicchi, P, Al Aukidy, M and Zambello, EJS o. t. t. e. 2012. Occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in urban wastewater: removal, mass load and environmental risk after a secondary treatment—a review. 429, 123-155.
121.
Wang, Y, Zhang, H, Zhang, J, Lu, C, Huang, Q, Wu, J and Liu, F 2011. Degradation of tetracycline in aqueous media by ozonation in an internal loop-lift reactor. Journal of hazardous materials, 192, 35-43.
122.
Watts, C and Maycock, D 2007. Desk Based Review of Current Knowledge on Pharmaceuticals in Drinking Water and Estimation of Potential Levels, Final Report to Drinking Water Inspectorate, 2007, Watts and Crane Associates, United Kingdom. WT02046/DWI70/2/213.
124.
Xia, K, Bhandari, A, Das, K and Pillar, GJJ o. e. q. 2005. Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in biosolids. 34, 91-104.
125.
Yang, L, Liya, EY and Ray, MB 2008. Degradation of paracetamol in aqueous solutions by TiO 2 photocatalysis. Water research, 42, 3480-3488.
126.
Yang, YY, Zhao, JL, Liu, YS, Liu, WR, Zhang, QQ, Yao, L, Hu, LX, Zhang, JN, Jiang, YX and Ying, GG 2018. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and artificial sweeteners (ASs) in surface and ground waters and their application as indication of wastewater contamination. Science of the Total Environment, 616, 816-823.
127.
You, X, Chen, F and Zhang, J 2005a. Effects of calcination on the physical and photocatalytic properties of TiO 2 powders prepared by sol–gel template method. Journal of sol-gel science technology, 34, 181-187.
128.
You, X, Chen, F, Zhang, J and Anpo, MJCL 2005b. A novel deposition precipitation method for preparation of Ag-loaded titanium dioxide. 102, 247-250.
129.
Yu, JY, Chen, ZJ, Zeng, XY, Liu, C, Cai, FY, Cao, HL and Lü, JJICC 2018a. Morphological control of CdS@ AC nanocomposites for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline antibiotics under visible irradiation. 95, 134-138.
130.
Yu, S, Wang, Y, Sun, F, Wang, R and Zhou, YJCEJ 2018b. Novel mpg-C 3N 4/TiO 2 nanocomposite photocatalytic membrane reactor for sulfamethoxazole photodegradation. 337, 183-192.
131.
Zaleska, A 2008. Doped-TiO 2: a review. Recent patents on engineering, 2, 157-164.
132.
Ziylan-Yavas, A and Ince, NH 2018. Single, simultaneous and sequential applications of ultrasonic frequencies for the elimination of ibuprofen in water. Ultrasonics sonochemistry, 40, 17-23.
133.
Zwiener, C, Seeger, S, Glauner, T, Frimmel, FJA and chemistry, b. 2002. Metabolites from the biodegradation of pharmaceutical residues of ibuprofen in biofilm reactors and batch experiments. 372, 569-575.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2450-8594 |
| ISSN: | 2080-5187 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
